A SUSTAINABLE ORGANIC AQUACULTURE IN AFRICA
Applications of Humic Acids in Aquaculture
Humic acid is natural organic substances found in natural water systems and thus are compatible with all aquatic life forms. Prolonged stress and inadequate adaptation to stress in aquaculture could result in the reduction of the immune defense systems of fish which could lead to infection and disease.
Treatment of diseases in fish is limited because of the following:
1. Only few chemicals were approved for use in aquaculture and these are not effective īagainst all pathogens.
2. Chemical treatment may be linked to side effects such as toxic stress.
3. All chemicals approved for use in aquaculture are suspected of being mutagenic or carcinogenic with a high potential to non-target organisms.
Benefits of humic and fulvic acids application in aquaculture:
1. Increase in brood yield, through prophylactic treatment of fish eggs and larvae.
2. Improvement in growth and food utilization.
3. Improvement in condition, strength and resistance to disease, wellness and vitality
of culture, particularly during transportation.
4. Faster healing of ectoparasite infected fish through therapeutic medication.
5. Suppression of secondary infection.
6. Inhibition of outbreaks of primary infection through prophylactic application.
7. Detoxification of harmful metals and chemicals in water.
8. Treatment with humic acid at concentrations of 50-90 mg/L reduced sickness and mortality. This therapeutic success was greater than standard chemical treatments such as a bath of a mixture of formalde
9. Humic acid healed fish infected by natural and artificial skin lesions. Burkart et al. (1994) also report astonishing and greater healing effects on
fish than with FMM (a mixture of formaldehyde, methylene blue and malachite
green). Humic and fulvic acids treatment was more effective than FMM for more
sensitive fish such as members of the Characidae.
10. Marked increase in hemosiderin (complex of ferric hydroxides, polysaccharides and proteins) in neutral granulocytes and monocytes of carp upon humic acid treatment. This resulted in marked increase in ingestion of bacteria.
11. One hour exposure of rainbow trout eggs to 5 mg/L of humic acid protected them from mycosis (fungal infection mainly by Saprolegnia and Achyla sp. Which are
ubiquitous fungal pathogens of fish and their eggs; Gamygin et al. 1992a).
12. A significant protection from Saprolegnia infection and an increase in hatching was observed in rainbow trout when Humic Acid used in treatment. These concentrations exceed those present in water but similar to those in sediments where fish eggs and embryos lie. Thus, these results are environmentally relevant (Steinberg, 2003).
13. Humic acid treatment of fish was effective against parasites through the
improvement of the physiological condition of the fish (Gamygin et al., 1991).
14. The chemical acriflavine is used as a long-term bath to treat external bacterial and
protozoan diseases of fish. The treatment with humic acid in protocol reduces the
toxicity of acriflavine (Meinelt et al. 2002).
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